Analytic Summary of The Wealth of Nations

In The Wealth of Nations, Book V: Of the Revenue of the Sovereign or Commonwealth, Adam Smith brings his masterwork to a powerful conclusion by turning to the most enduring question of political economy: what is the proper role of government? Here he analyzes the legitimate expenses of the state—defense, justice, public works, and education—before turning to the sources of public revenue and the principles of fair taxation. With his famous “four maxims of taxation” still cited by economists and policymakers today, Smith shows how governments can raise funds without crushing liberty or prosperity. Finally, in a prophetic warning, he examines the rise of public debt, describing how constant borrowing to fund wars risks weakening nations and burdening future generations. Book V is both practical and visionary: a blueprint for responsible governance that balances freedom with necessity, and a cautionary tale about the dangers of fiscal irresponsibility. For readers who want to understand not only markets but also the responsibilities of the state, this book is a timeless guide.